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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><div class="infobox-caption">Sagemath document (<a href="IPython#Project_Jupyter" title="IPython">Jupyter Notebook</a>) inside a <a href="Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">24 February 2005<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2005-02-24</span>)</span></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">10.6<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-0239eda28ffbbe43e25a3367d03837dec6129b39-v20_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-0239eda28ffbbe43e25a3367d03837dec6129b39-v20-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  (31 March 2025<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">31 March 2025</span>)</span>)

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle#Beta" title="Software release life cycle">Preview release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">10.6.beta8

/ 1 March 2025<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2025-03-01</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/sagemath/sage">github<wbr>.com<wbr>/sagemath<wbr>/sage</a></span> </li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="Cython" title="Cython">Cython</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, <a href="Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a>, <a href="Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>, <a href="IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist">

<ul><li><a href="Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">Personal computers</a> and <a href="Web_application" title="Web application">web platform</a></li>

<li><a href="IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a>, <a href="X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a>, <a href="ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARM</a>, <a href="SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a> (and before <a href="Itanium" title="Itanium">Itanium</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="File_size" title="File size">Size</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Approx. 112–3319 <a href="Megabyte" title="Megabyte">MB</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Computer_algebra_system" title="Computer algebra system">Computer algebra system</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="GPLv3" class="mw-redirect" title="GPLv3">GPLv3</a><sup id="cite_ref-GPL_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPL-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sagemath.org/">www<wbr>.sagemath<wbr>.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>SageMath</b> (previously <b>Sage</b> or <b>SAGE</b>, "System for Algebra and Geometry Experimentation"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a <a href="Computer_algebra_system" title="Computer algebra system">computer algebra system</a> (CAS) with features covering many aspects of <a href="Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, including <a href="Algebra" title="Algebra">algebra</a>, <a href="Combinatorics" title="Combinatorics">combinatorics</a>, <a href="Graph_theory" title="Graph theory">graph theory</a>, <a href="Group_theory" title="Group theory">group theory</a>, <a href="Differentiable_manifold" title="Differentiable manifold">differentiable manifolds</a>, <a href="Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">numerical analysis</a>, <a href="Number_theory" title="Number theory">number theory</a>, <a href="Calculus" title="Calculus">calculus</a>, and <a href="Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a>.

</p><p>The first version of SageMath was released on 24 February 2005 as <a href="Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software</a> under the terms of the <a href="GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> version 2, with the initial goals of creating an "open source alternative to <a href="Magma_computer_algebra_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Magma computer algebra system">Magma</a>, <a href="Maple_(software)" title="Maple (software)">Maple</a>, <a href="Mathematica" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematica">Mathematica</a>, and <a href="MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The originator and leader of the SageMath project, <a href="William_A._Stein" title="William A. Stein">William Stein</a>, was a <a href="Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a> at the <a href="University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>.

</p><p>SageMath uses a <a href="Syntax_(programming_languages)" title="Syntax (programming languages)">syntax</a> resembling <a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>'s,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supporting <a href="Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">procedural</a>, <a href="Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a>, and <a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a> constructs.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2></div>

<p>Stein realized when designing Sage that there were many <a href="Open_source" title="Open source">open-source</a> mathematics software packages already written in different <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">languages</a>, namely <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a>, <a href="Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a> and <a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>.

</p><p>Rather than <a href="Reinventing_the_wheel" title="Reinventing the wheel">reinventing the wheel</a>, Sage (which is written mostly in Python and <a href="Cython" title="Cython">Cython</a>) integrates many specialized <a href="Computer_algebra_system" title="Computer algebra system">CAS</a> software packages into a common interface, for which a user needs to know only Python. However, Sage contains hundreds of thousands of unique lines of <a href="Source_code" title="Source code">code</a> adding new <a href="Function_(computer_programming)" title="Function (computer programming)">functions</a> and creating the interfaces among its components.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>SageMath uses both students and professionals for development. The development of SageMath is supported by both <a href="Volunteering" title="Volunteering">volunteer</a> work and <a href="Grant_(money)" title="Grant (money)">grants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was not until 2016 that the first full-time Sage developer was hired (funded by an <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> grant).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year, Stein described his disappointment with a lack of academic funding and credentials for software development, citing it as the reason for his decision to leave his tenured academic position to work full-time on the project in a newly founded company, SageMath Inc.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Achievements">Achievements</h2></div>

<ul><li>2007: first prize in the scientific software division of <a href="Les_Troph%C3%A9es_du_Libre" title="Les Trophées du Libre">Les Trophées du Libre</a>, an international competition for free software.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>2012: one of the projects selected for the <a href="Google_Summer_of_Code" title="Google Summer of Code">Google Summer of Code</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>2013: <a href="Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">ACM</a>/<a href="SIGSAM" title="SIGSAM">SIGSAM</a> Jenks Prize.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance">Performance</h2></div>

<p>Both <a href="Executable" title="Executable">binaries</a> and <a href="Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> are available for SageMath from the download page. If SageMath is built from source code, many of the included libraries such as <a href="OpenBLAS" title="OpenBLAS">OpenBLAS</a>, <a href="Fast_Library_for_Number_Theory" title="Fast Library for Number Theory">FLINT</a>, <a href="GAP_(computer_algebra_system)" title="GAP (computer algebra system)">GAP (computer algebra system)</a>, and <a href="Number_Theory_Library" title="Number Theory Library">NTL</a> will be tuned and optimized for that computer, taking into account the number of <a href="Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">processors</a>, the size of their <a href="Cache_(computing)" title="Cache (computing)">caches</a>, whether there is hardware support for <a href="Streaming_SIMD_Extensions" title="Streaming SIMD Extensions">SSE</a> instructions, etc.

</p><p><a href="Cython" title="Cython">Cython</a> can increase the speed of SageMath programs, as the Python code is converted into <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Licensing_and_availability">Licensing and availability</h2></div>

<p>SageMath is <a href="FOSS" class="mw-redirect" title="FOSS">free software</a>, distributed under the terms of the <a href="GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> version 3.<sup id="cite_ref-GPL_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPL-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<dl><dt>Windows</dt></dl>

<p>SageMath 10.0 (May 2023) requires <a href="Windows_Subsystem_for_Linux" title="Windows Subsystem for Linux">Windows Subsystem for Linux</a> in version 2,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which in turn requires Windows to run as a <a href="Hyper-V" title="Hyper-V">Hyper-V</a> client. SageMath 8.0 (July 2017), with development funded by the OpenDreamKit project,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> successfully built on <a href="Cygwin" title="Cygwin">Cygwin</a>, and a binary installer for 64-bit versions of Windows was available.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Microsoft was sponsoring a Windows version of SageMath, prior to 2016 users of Windows had to use <a href="Hardware_virtualization" title="Hardware virtualization">virtualization</a> technology such as <a href="VirtualBox" title="VirtualBox">VirtualBox</a> to run SageMath.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<dl><dt>Linux</dt></dl>

<p>SageMath is available as a package in some <a href="Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distributions</a>, including <a href="Arch_Linux" title="Arch Linux">Arch Linux</a>, <a href="Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a>, <a href="Guix" class="mw-redirect" title="Guix">Guix</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a> and <a href="NixOS" title="NixOS">NixOS</a>. In <a href="Gentoo_Linux" title="Gentoo Linux">Gentoo</a>, it is available via layman in the "sage-on-gentoo"<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> overlay. The packages used by NixOS and Gnu Guix are available for use on other distributions, due to the distribution-agnostic nature of their package managers.

</p>

<dl><dt>Other operating systems</dt></dl>

<p><a href="Gentoo/Alt" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentoo/Alt">Gentoo prefix</a> also provides Sage on other operating systems.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software_packages_contained_in_SageMath">Software packages contained in SageMath</h2></div>

<p>The philosophy of SageMath is to use existing open-source <a href="Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">libraries</a> wherever they exist. Therefore, it uses many libraries from other projects.

</p>

<th style="background: #F4E3FF; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left; font-weight: bolder;" scope="row" class="rh heading table-rh" rowspan="12">Mathematics packages<br>contained in SageMath<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</th>

<th scope="row"><a href="Algebra" title="Algebra">Algebra</a>

</th>

<td><a href="GAP_(computer_algebra_system)" title="GAP (computer algebra system)">GAP</a>, <a href="Singular_(software)" title="Singular (software)">Singular</a>, <a href="FLINT" class="mw-redirect" title="FLINT">FLINT</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Algebraic_geometry" title="Algebraic geometry">Algebraic geometry</a>

</th>

<td><a href="Singular_(software)" title="Singular (software)">Singular</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Arbitrary-precision_arithmetic" title="Arbitrary-precision arithmetic">Arbitrary-precision arithmetic</a>

</th>

<td><a href="GNU_Multiple_Precision_Arithmetic_Library" title="GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library">GMP</a>, <a href="MPFR" class="mw-redirect" title="MPFR">MPFR</a>, <a href="MPFR" class="mw-redirect" title="MPFR">MPFI</a>, <a href="Number_Theory_Library" title="Number Theory Library">NTL</a>, mpmath, Arb

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Arithmetic_geometry" title="Arithmetic geometry">Arithmetic geometry</a>

</th>

<td><a href="PARI/GP" title="PARI/GP">PARI/GP</a>, <a href="Number_Theory_Library" title="Number Theory Library">NTL</a>, <a href="Mwrank" title="Mwrank">mwrank</a>, <a href="Lenstra_elliptic_curve_factorization" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenstra elliptic curve factorization">ECM</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Calculus" title="Calculus">Calculus</a>

</th>

<td><a href="Maxima_(software)" title="Maxima (software)">Maxima</a>, <a href="SymPy" title="SymPy">SymPy</a>, <a href="GiNaC" title="GiNaC">GiNaC</a>, <a href="Giac_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Giac (software)">Giac</a>, <a href="FriCAS" title="FriCAS">FriCAS</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Combinatorics" title="Combinatorics">Combinatorics</a>

</th>

<td>Symmetrica, Sage-Combinat

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Linear_algebra" title="Linear algebra">Linear algebra</a>

</th>

<td><a href="Automatically_Tuned_Linear_Algebra_Software" title="Automatically Tuned Linear Algebra Software">ATLAS</a>, <a href="BLAS" class="mw-redirect" title="BLAS">BLAS</a>, <a href="LAPACK" title="LAPACK">LAPACK</a>, <a href="NumPy" title="NumPy">NumPy</a>, LinBox, IML, <a href="GNU_Scientific_Library" title="GNU Scientific Library">GSL</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Graph_theory" title="Graph theory">Graph theory</a>

</th>

<td><a href="NetworkX" title="NetworkX">NetworkX</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Group_theory" title="Group theory">Group theory</a>

</th>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">Numerical computation</a>

</th>

<td>GSL, <a href="SciPy" title="SciPy">SciPy</a>, <a href="NumPy" title="NumPy">NumPy</a>, ATLAS

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Number_theory" title="Number theory">Number theory</a>

</th>

<td><a href="PARI/GP" title="PARI/GP">PARI/GP</a>, <a href="FLINT" class="mw-redirect" title="FLINT">FLINT</a>, <a href="Number_Theory_Library" title="Number Theory Library">NTL</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Computational_statistics" title="Computational statistics">Statistical computing</a>

</th>

<td><a href="R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a>, <a href="SciPy" title="SciPy">SciPy</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th style="background: #F4E3FF; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left; font-weight: bolder;" scope="row" class="rh heading table-rh" rowspan="6">Other packages<br>contained in SageMath

</th>

<th scope="row"><a href="Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">Command-line shell</a>

</th>

<td><a href="IPython" title="IPython">IPython</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Database" title="Database">Database</a>

</th>

<td><a href="ZODB" class="mw-redirect" title="ZODB">ZODB</a>, <a href="SQLite" title="SQLite">SQLite</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">Graphical interface</a>

</th>

<td>SageMath Notebook, <a href="MathJax" title="MathJax">MathJax</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (formerly <a href="JsMath" title="JsMath">jsMath</a>)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">Graphics

</th>

<td><a href="Matplotlib" title="Matplotlib">matplotlib</a>, <a href="Tachyon_(software)" title="Tachyon (software)">Tachyon</a>, <a href="GD_Graphics_Library" title="GD Graphics Library">GD</a>, <a href="Jmol" title="Jmol">Jmol</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">Interactive programming language

</th>

<td>Python

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networking</a>

</th>

<td><a href="Twisted_(software)" title="Twisted (software)">Twisted</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th style="background: #F4E3FF; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left; font-weight: bolder;" scope="row" class="rh heading table-rh">Other Mathematics package<br>available for SageMath

</th>

<th scope="row"><a href="Differential_geometry" title="Differential geometry">Differential geometry</a> and <a href="Tensor_calculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensor calculus">tensor calculus</a>

</th>

<td><a href="Sage_Manifolds" title="Sage Manifolds">Sage Manifolds</a>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

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<ul><li><a href="CoCalc" title="CoCalc">CoCalc</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_numerical-analysis_software" title="Comparison of numerical-analysis software">Comparison of numerical-analysis software</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_statistical_packages" title="Comparison of statistical packages">Comparison of statistical packages</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_computer_algebra_systems" title="List of computer algebra systems">List of computer algebra systems</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/sagemath/sage/releases/tag/10.6">"Release 10.6 · sagemath/sage"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-GPL-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GPL_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GPL_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170314063622/https://git.sagemath.org/sage.git/tree/COPYING.txt">"COPYING.txt – sage.git"</a>. The Sage Repository. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://git.sagemath.org/sage.git/tree/COPYING.txt">the original</a> on 14 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStein" class="citation web cs1">Stein, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wstein.org/sage.html">"SAGE: A Computer System for Algebra and Geometry Experimentation"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStein2007" class="citation web cs1">Stein, William (12 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070627235122/https://www.sagemath.org/why/stein-sd4.pdf">"Sage Days 4"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sagemath.org/why/stein-sd4.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAnastassiouMezei2015" class="citation book cs1">Anastassiou, George A.; Mezei, Razvan A. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B_q6VhhkczIYMy1jaDlGTGhPS00"><i>Numerical Analysis Using Sage</i></a>. New York: Springer. pp. x1 and 1. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9783319167381</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.sagemath.org/days7">"Sage Days 7: Combinatorics"</a>. <i>SageWiki</i>. 14 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sagemath.org/development-ack.html">"Sage – Acknowledgement to Supporters"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">William Stein: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wstein.org/talks/2016-06-sage-bp/bp.pdf">The origins of SageMath – creating a viable open source alternative to Magma, Maple, Mathematica, and Matlab</a> (presentation, 11 June 2016)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/12/071206145213.htm">"Free Software Brings Affordability, Transparency To Mathematics"</a>. Science Daily. 7 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google-melange.com/archive/gsoc/2012/orgs/sage">"Sage Mathematical Software System"</a>. <i>Google Summer of Code / Code-in Archive</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sigsam.org/awards/jenks/awardees/2013/">"Richard Dimick Jenks Memorial Prize 2013 Award"</a>. <i>Association for Computing Machinery – SIGSAM</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStein2010" class="citation web cs1">Stein, William (3 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sagemath.blogspot.com/2010/11/cython-sage-and-need-for-speed.html">"Cython, Sage, and the Need for Speed"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doc.sagemath.org/html/en/installation/index.html">"Welcome to Sage Installation Guide"</a>. 1 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLelievre2017" class="citation web cs1">Lelievre, Samuel (18 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/d/msg/sage-announce/lznROhGi-2U/CPRsY7zZAwAJ">"SageMath 8.0 installer for Windows"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStein2012" class="citation web cs1">Stein, William (16 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/d/topic/sage-devel/LTWgQ_24cPs/discussion">"Re: Question about Sage"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://hpc.guix.info/package/sage">https://hpc.guix.info/package/sage</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/cschwan/sage-on-gentoo/wiki">"sage-on-gentoo Wiki"</a>. <i><a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161210182602/http://doc.sagemath.org/html/en/installation/standard_packages.html">"Standard Packages"</a>. <i>doc.sagemath.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.sagemath.org/html/en/installation/standard_packages.html">the original</a> on 10 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doc.sagemath.org/html/en/reference/spkg/">"External Packages — External Packages"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Sage" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:Sage">Sage</a></b></i></div></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sage_(mathematics_software)" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Sage (mathematics software)">Sage (mathematics software)</a></span>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sagemath.org/">Official website</a></span></span></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Computer_algebra_systems377" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Computer_algebra_system" title="Computer algebra system">Computer algebra systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Axiom_(computer_algebra_system)" title="Axiom (computer algebra system)">Axiom</a></li>

<li><a href="Cadabra_(computer_program)" title="Cadabra (computer program)">Cadabra</a></li>

<li><a href="CoCoA" title="CoCoA">CoCoA</a></li>

<li><a href="Fermat_(computer_algebra_system)" title="Fermat (computer algebra system)">Fermat</a></li>

<li><a href="FriCAS" title="FriCAS">FriCAS</a></li>

<li><a href="GiNaC" title="GiNaC">GiNaC</a></li>

<li><a href="Macaulay2" title="Macaulay2">Macaulay2</a></li>

<li><a href="Maxima_(software)" title="Maxima (software)">Maxima</a></li>

<li><a href="Normaliz" title="Normaliz">Normaliz</a></li>

<li><a href="Reduce_(computer_algebra_system)" title="Reduce (computer algebra system)">Reduce</a></li>

<li><a href="Singular_(software)" title="Singular (software)">Singular</a></li>

<li><a href="SymPy" title="SymPy">SymPy</a></li>

<li><a href="Yacas" title="Yacas">Yacas</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Casio_ClassPad_300" title="Casio ClassPad 300">ClassPad Manager</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_Equation_Solver" title="Engineering Equation Solver">Engineering Equation Solver</a></li>

<li><a href="Magma_(computer_algebra_system)" title="Magma (computer algebra system)">Magma</a></li>

<li><a href="Maple_(software)" title="Maple (software)">Maple</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathcad" title="Mathcad">Mathcad</a></li>

<li><a href="MuPAD" title="MuPAD">muPAD</a> (<a href="MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a> symbolic math toolbox)</li>

<li><a href="SMath_Studio" title="SMath Studio">SMath Studio</a></li>

<li><a href="TI_InterActive!" title="TI InterActive!">TI InterActive!</a></li>

<li><a href="Wolfram_(software)" title="Wolfram (software)">Wolfram</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cambridge_Algebra_System" title="Cambridge Algebra System">CAMAL</a></li>

<li><a href="Derive_(computer_algebra_system)" title="Derive (computer algebra system)">Derive</a></li>

<li><a href="Erable" title="Erable">Erable</a></li>

<li><a href="LiveMath" title="LiveMath">LiveMath</a></li>

<li><a href="Macsyma" title="Macsyma">Macsyma</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathomatic" title="Mathomatic">Mathomatic</a></li>

<li><a href="MuMATH" title="MuMATH">muMATH</a></li>

<li><a href="ALTRAN" title="ALTRAN">ALTRAN</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span><b>Category</b></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Numerical-analysis_software146" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Numerical-analysis_software146" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_numerical-analysis_software" title="List of numerical-analysis software">Numerical-analysis software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Advanced_Simulation_Library" title="Advanced Simulation Library">Advanced Simulation Library</a></li>

<li><a href="Chapel_(programming_language)" title="Chapel (programming language)">Chapel</a></li>

<li><a href="Euler_Mathematical_Toolbox" title="Euler Mathematical Toolbox">Euler Mathematical Toolbox</a></li>

<li><a href="FreeFem%2B%2B" title="FreeFem++">FreeFem++</a></li>

<li><a href="FreeMat" title="FreeMat">FreeMat</a></li>

<li><a href="Genius_(mathematics_software)" title="Genius (mathematics software)">Genius</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU_Octave" title="GNU Octave">GNU Octave</a></li>

<li><a href="Gretl" title="Gretl">gretl</a></li>

<li><a href="Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Jupyter" title="Project Jupyter">Jupyter</a> (<i>Ju</i>lia, <i>Pyt</i>hon, <i>R</i>; <a href="IPython" title="IPython">IPython</a>)</li>

<li><a href="OpenFOAM" title="OpenFOAM">OpenFOAM</a></li>

<li><a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></li>

<li><a href="Salome_(software)" title="Salome (software)">Salome</a></li>

<li><a href="ScicosLab" title="ScicosLab">ScicosLab</a></li>

<li><a href="Scilab" title="Scilab">Scilab</a></li>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Discontinued12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fortress_(programming_language)" title="Fortress (programming language)">Fortress</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proprietary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="DADiSP" title="DADiSP">DADiSP</a></li>

<li><a href="FEATool_Multiphysics" title="FEATool Multiphysics">FEATool Multiphysics</a></li>

<li><a href="GAUSS_(software)" title="GAUSS (software)">GAUSS</a></li>

<li><a href="LabVIEW" title="LabVIEW">LabVIEW</a></li>

<li><a href="Maple_(software)" title="Maple (software)">Maple</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathcad" title="Mathcad">Mathcad</a></li>

<li><a href="Wolfram_Mathematica" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfram Mathematica">Mathematica</a></li>

<li><a href="MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li>

<li><a href="MWorks" title="MWorks">MWorks</a></li>

<li><a href="Speakeasy_(computational_environment)" title="Speakeasy (computational environment)">Speakeasy</a></li>

<li><a href="VisSim" title="VisSim">VisSim</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><b><a href="Comparison_of_numerical-analysis_software" title="Comparison of numerical-analysis software">Comparison</a></b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Statistical_software284" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Statistical_software284" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_statistical_software" title="List of statistical software">Statistical software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Public-domain_software" title="Public-domain software">Public domain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dataplot" title="Dataplot">Dataplot</a></li>

<li><a href="CSPro" title="CSPro">CSPro</a></li>

<li><a href="X-12-ARIMA" class="mw-redirect" title="X-12-ARIMA">X-12-ARIMA</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Gretl" title="Gretl">gretl</a></li>

<li><a href="Jamovi" title="Jamovi">jamovi</a></li>

<li><a href="JMulTi" title="JMulTi">JMulTi</a></li>

<li><a href="Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Jupyter" title="Project Jupyter">Jupyter</a> (<i>Ju</i>lia, <i>Py</i>thon, <i>R</i>)</li>

<li><a href="GNU_Octave" title="GNU Octave">GNU Octave</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenBUGS" title="OpenBUGS">OpenBUGS</a></li>

<li><a href="Orange_(software)" title="Orange (software)">Orange</a></li>

<li><a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> (statsmodels, <a href="PyMC3" class="mw-redirect" title="PyMC3">PyMC3</a>, <a href="IPython" title="IPython">IPython</a>, <a href="IDLE" title="IDLE">IDLE</a>)</li>

<li><a href="R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a> (<a href="RStudio" title="RStudio">RStudio</a>)</li>

<li><a href="SimFiT" title="SimFiT">SimFiT</a></li>

<li><a href="SOFA_Statistics" title="SOFA Statistics">SOFA Statistics</a></li>

<li><a href="XLispStat" title="XLispStat">XLispStat</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Freeware" title="Freeware">Freeware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="CumFreq" title="CumFreq">CumFreq</a></li>

<li><a href="SegReg" title="SegReg">SegReg</a></li>

<li><a href="XploRe" title="XploRe">XploRe</a></li>

<li><a href="WinBUGS" title="WinBUGS">WinBUGS</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Commercial_software" title="Commercial software">Commercial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cross-platform_software" title="Cross-platform software">Cross-platform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="GAUSS_(software)" title="GAUSS (software)">GAUSS</a></li>

<li><a href="GraphPad_InStat" class="mw-redirect" title="GraphPad InStat">GraphPad InStat</a></li>

<li><a href="GraphPad_Prism" class="mw-redirect" title="GraphPad Prism">GraphPad Prism</a></li>

<li>IBM <a href="SPSS" title="SPSS">SPSS</a> Statistics</li>

<li>IBM <a href="SPSS_Modeler" title="SPSS Modeler">SPSS Modeler</a></li>

<li><a href="Maple_(software)" title="Maple (software)">Maple</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathcad" title="Mathcad">Mathcad</a></li>

<li><a href="Wolfram_Mathematica" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfram Mathematica">Mathematica</a></li>

<li><a href="MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li>

<li><a href="OxMetrics" title="OxMetrics">OxMetrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Revolution_Analytics" title="Revolution Analytics">Revolution Analytics</a></li>

<li><a href="SmartPLS" title="SmartPLS">SmartPLS</a></li>

<li><a href="Stata" title="Stata">Stata</a></li>

<li><a href="StatView" title="StatView">StatView</a></li>

<li><a href="SUDAAN" title="SUDAAN">SUDAAN</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Programming_System" title="World Programming System">World Programming System</a> (WPS)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="EViews" title="EViews">EViews</a></li>

<li><a href="Genstat" title="Genstat">GenStat</a></li>

<li><a href="LIMDEP" title="LIMDEP">LIMDEP</a></li>

<li><a href="LISREL" title="LISREL">LISREL</a></li>

<li><a href="MedCalc" title="MedCalc">MedCalc</a></li>

<li><a href="Microfit" title="Microfit">Microfit</a></li>

<li><a href="Minitab" title="Minitab">Minitab</a></li>

<li><a href="MLwiN" title="MLwiN">MLwiN</a></li>

<li><a href="Shazam_(econometrics_software)" title="Shazam (econometrics software)">Shazam</a></li>

<li><a href="SigmaStat" title="SigmaStat">SigmaStat</a></li>

<li><a href="Statistica" title="Statistica">Statistica</a></li>

<li><a href="StatsDirect" title="StatsDirect">StatsDirect</a></li>

<li><a href="StatXact" title="StatXact">StatXact</a></li>

<li><a href="SYSTAT_(statistics_package)" title="SYSTAT (statistics package)">SYSTAT</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Unscrambler" title="The Unscrambler">The Unscrambler</a></li>

<li>Unistat</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel">Excel</a> add-ons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Analyse-it" title="Analyse-it">Analyse-it</a></li>

<li>Unistat for Excel</li>

<li><a href="XLfit" title="XLfit">XLfit</a></li>

<li><a href="RExcel" title="RExcel">RExcel</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="Comparison_of_statistical_packages" title="Comparison of statistical packages">Comparison</a></b> • <b>Category</b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Free_and_open-source_software510" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Free_and_open-source_software510" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alternative_terms_for_free_software" title="Alternative terms for free software">Alternative terms for free software</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_open-source_and_closed-source_software" title="Comparison of open-source and closed-source software">Comparison of open-source and closed-source software</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_source-code-hosting_facilities" title="Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities">Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_free_software_project_directories" title="List of free software project directories">Free software project directories</a></li>

<li><a href="Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">Gratis versus libre</a></li>

<li><a href="Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">Long-term support</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_software_development" title="Open-source software development">Open-source software development</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_free_software" title="Outline of free software">Outline</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="Timeline of free and open-source software">Timeline</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages" title="List of free and open-source software packages">Software<br>packages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_free_software_for_audio" title="Comparison of free software for audio">Audio</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_open-source_bioinformatics_software" title="List of open-source bioinformatics software">Bioinformatics</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_open-source_codecs" title="List of open-source codecs">Codecs</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_open-source_configuration_management_software" title="Comparison of open-source configuration management software">Configuration management</a></li>

<li><a href="Device_driver" title="Device driver">Drivers</a>

<ul><li><a href="Free_and_open-source_graphics_device_driver" title="Free and open-source graphics device driver">Graphics</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_open-source_wireless_drivers" title="Comparison of open-source wireless drivers">Wireless</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_open-source_health_software" title="List of open-source health software">Health</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics" title="List of open-source software for mathematics">Mathematics</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_office_suites" title="List of office suites">Office suites</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_open-source_operating_systems" title="Comparison of open-source operating systems">Operating systems</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_open-source_routing_platforms" title="List of open-source routing platforms">Routing</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_free_television_software" title="List of free television software">Television</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_open-source_video_games" title="List of open-source video games">Video games</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_free_and_open-source_web_applications" title="List of free and open-source web applications">Web applications</a>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_shopping_cart_software" title="Comparison of shopping cart software">E-commerce</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_free_and_open-source_Android_applications" title="List of free and open-source Android applications">Android apps</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_commercial_open-source_applications_and_services" title="List of commercial open-source applications and services">Commercial</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_formerly_proprietary_software" title="List of formerly proprietary software">Formerly proprietary</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_formerly_free_and_open-source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="List of formerly free and open-source software">Formerly open-source</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="History of free and open-source software">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source-software_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source-software movement">Open-source-software movement</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_free-software_events" title="List of free-software events">Events</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_software_advocacy" title="Open-source software advocacy">Advocacy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_free_and_open-source_software_organizations" title="List of free and open-source software organizations">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Free_Software_Movement_of_India" title="Free Software Movement of India">Free Software Movement of India</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Free-software_license" title="Free-software license">Licenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache</a></li>

<li><a href="Artistic_License" title="Artistic License">Artistic</a></li>

<li><a href="Beerware" title="Beerware">Beerware</a></li>

<li><a href="Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a>

<li><a href="Python_License" title="Python License">Python</a></li>

<li><a href="Python_Software_Foundation_License" title="Python Software Foundation License">Python Software Foundation License</a></li>

<li><a href="Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li>

<li><a href="Sleepycat_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleepycat License">Sleepycat</a></li>

<li><a href="Unlicense" title="Unlicense">Unlicense</a></li>

<li><a href="WTFPL" title="WTFPL">WTFPL</a></li>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Types_and_standards23" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and<br> standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_free_and_open-source_software_licenses" title="Comparison of free and open-source software licenses">Comparison of licenses</a></li>

<li><a href="Contributor_License_Agreement" title="Contributor License Agreement">Contributor License Agreement</a></li>

<li><a href="Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li>

<li><a href="Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian Free Software Guidelines">Debian Free Software Guidelines</a></li>

<li><a href="Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">Definition of Free Cultural Works</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_license" title="Free license">Free license</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">The Free Software Definition</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">The Open Source Definition</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">Open-source license</a></li>

<li><a href="Permissive_software_license" title="Permissive software license">Permissive software license</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Challenges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li>

<li><a href="License_proliferation" title="License proliferation">License proliferation</a></li>

<li><a href="Mozilla_software_rebranded_by_Debian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla software rebranded by Debian">Mozilla software rebranding</a></li>

<li><a href="Proprietary_device_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary device driver">Proprietary device drivers</a></li>

<li><a href="Proprietary_firmware" title="Proprietary firmware">Proprietary firmware</a></li>

<li><a href="Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary software</a></li>

<li><a href="SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes" title="SCO–Linux disputes">SCO/Linux controversies</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_patents_and_free_software" title="Software patents and free software">Software patents</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_software_security" title="Open-source software security">Software security</a></li>

<li><a href="Tivoization" title="Tivoization">Tivoization</a></li>

<li><a href="Trusted_Computing" title="Trusted Computing">Trusted Computing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br>topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">Forking</a></li>

<li><i><a href="GNU_Manifesto" title="GNU Manifesto">GNU Manifesto</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Open_Specification_Promise" title="Microsoft Open Specification Promise">Microsoft Open Specification Promise</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-core_model" title="Open-core model">Open-core model</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li>

<li><a href="Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li>

<li><a href="Source-available_software" title="Source-available software">Source-available software</a></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar" title="The Cathedral and the Bazaar">The Cathedral and the Bazaar</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Portal%3AFree_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Portal</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

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